Surgical Management of Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review and Proposed Treatment Algorithm.

Background: As no evidence-based treatment guidelines exist for chronic Achilles tendon rupture (CATR), a systematic review of the literature was performed to compare the different treatment options and recommend a literature-based algorithm. Methods: In June 2022, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically reviewed based on the PRISMA guidelines. The level of evidence (LOE) and quality of evidence were evaluated, and statistics on clinical outcomes and complications were calculated. Results: Twenty-seven studies with 614 patients were included. Three studies were LOE III and 25 studies were LOE IV. The mean Achilles tendon rupture score improved from a preoperative weighted mean of 38.8 ± 12.4 to a postoperative score 90.6 ± 4.7. The overall complication rate was 11.4%. Single techniques were used in 23 studies and dual techniques were used in 5 studies. The FHL tendon transfer was the most frequently used technique. We devised an algorithmic approach based on time from injury to surgical intervention and the length of the gap between the tendon stumps: >3 months: FHL transfer; <3 months (a) gap <2 cm, end-to-end repair; (b) gap 2 to 5 cm, gastrocnemius transfer, (c) gap >5 cm, semitendinosus autograft. Conclusion: Surgical management of CATR produced improvements in patient-reported outcome scores at midterm follow up, but a high complication rate (11.4%) was noted. Our proposed treatment algorithm may assist in shared decision making for this complex problem.

Calcaneal reconstruction using a femoral head allograft and biologic adjuncts: A case report.

We present a case of calcaneal reconstruction after both an improvised explosive device injury and subsequent salvage procedures left the patient with a large calcaneal defect and damaged hindfoot soft tissue. A subtalar arthrodesis was performed with a femoral head allograft, where it was fused to the remaining calcaneus and superiorly through the talus, to successfully reconstruct this defect. Demineralized bone matrix, bone morphogenetic protein, and concentrated bone marrow aspirate were also added as adjuncts to promote bone remodeling. At final follow-up, the patient denied pain, was fully weight-bearing, and had resumed an active lifestyle. Level of Evidence: Level V, Case Report.

Outcomes of Endoscopic Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic plantar fascia release (EPFR) is an established operative treatment for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive review on the outcomes of EPFR in the treatment of plantar fasciitis at mid-term and long-term follow-up. METHODS: A systematic review was performed using, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases in May 2020 based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies included were evaluated regarding level of evidence (LOE) and quality of evidence (QOE) using the modified Coleman methodological score. Clinical outcomes and complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies including 978 feet were included in this systematic review with a weighted mean follow-up of 25.6 ± 21.0 months. Eighteen papers used the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. The weighted mean preoperative AOFAS score was 55.66 ± 10.3, and the postoperative score was 89.6 ± 5.2 out of 100. The total number of patients who had complications was 88 of 994 (8.9%). The most common complication was recurrence of pain experienced by 41 patients (4.2%). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic plantar fascia release provides good clinical and functional outcomes in patients with refractory plantar fasciitis. However, this procedure is associated with a moderately high complication rate (8.9%) and should only be considered following failure of conservative management. Future prospective studies comparing the various endoscopic and open techniques with nonoperative treatment are required to elucidate the most effective management for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level I: Systematic review of level IV studies.

Paediatric ankle cartilage lesions: Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle are based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "Pediatric Ankle Cartilage Lesions" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries convened to participate in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed upon in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus: 51-74%; strong consensus: 75-99%; unanimous: 100%. RESULTS: A total of 12 statements on paediatric ankle cartilage lesions reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Five achieved unanimous support, and seven reached strong consensus (>75% agreement). All statements reached at least 84% agreement. CONCLUSIONS: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the management of paediatric ankle cartilage lesions.

Clinical Outcomes After Suture Tape Augmentation for Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review.

Background: There is minimal literature on the use of suture tape augmentation in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), prompting an investigation on its use and effect during surgery of the lateral ankle. Purpose: To evaluate the evidence for the use of suture tape augmentation in the treatment of CLAI and the outcomes after this procedure. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A literature search was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies were included if they evaluated the use of suture tape for CLAI. Outcome measures included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, return to play, and radiological improvement in anterior talar translation and talar tilt angle. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Results: There were 11 studies (2 with level 2 evidence, 1 with level 3, and 8 with level 4) including 334 patients (334 ankles) that underwent suture-tape augmentation. The mean age was 27.3 years, 67.3% were women, and the mean follow-up was 27.6 months (range, 11.5-38.5 months). The mean weighted postoperative AOFAS score was 95, and 87.7% were able to return to sports. Overall, 9 recurrent instability events (4.1%) were reported. In 3 studies that compared Broström repair and suture tape augmentation, there were no significant differences between the procedures in recurrent instability (mean difference [MD], 0.81 [95% CI, 0.19 to 3.50]; I 2 = 0%; P = .78), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (MD, 1.24 [95% CI, -3.73 to 6.21]; I 2 = 66%; P = .63), talar tilt angle improvement (MD, -0.07 [95% CI, -0.68 to 0.54]; I 2 = 0%; P = .42), or anterior talar translation improvement (MD, -0.06 [95% CI, -0.69 to 0.56]; I 2 = 0%; P = .77). Conclusion: Suture tape augmentation did not significantly improve clinical or radiological outcomes in the setting of modified Broström repair for CLAI. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend suture tape augmentation for all patients at this time.

Anterior Talofibular Ligament Augmentation With Internal Brace in the Office Setting.

The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is the most frequently injured lateral ligament of the ankle, and up to 20% of patients with ankle sprains may require surgical intervention to correct chronic lateral ankle instability. There has been increased interest in arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament repair techniques to minimize postoperative pain and expedite recovery. Additionally, the use of suture-tape augmentation may allow for improved recovery in those with ATFL reconstruction. The goal of this Technical Note is to describe the steps to performing in-office needle arthroscopy using suture tape as an internal brace for an ATFL deficient ankle. We also include an accompanying discussion on indications and opportunities afforded by an in-office procedure over the traditional operating room suite.

Terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle: proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: The evidence supporting best practice guidelines in the field of cartilage repair of the ankle is based on both low quality and low levels of evidence. Therefore, an international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to report the consensus statements on "terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle" developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three international experts in cartilage repair of the ankle representing 20 countries were convened and participated in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within four working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed, and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed on in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held, and the strength of consensus was characterised as follows: consensus, 51%-74%; strong consensus, 75%-99%; unanimous, 100%. RESULTS: A total of 11 statements on terminology and classification reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Definitions are provided for osseous, chondral and osteochondral lesions, as well as bone marrow stimulation and injury chronicity, among others. An osteochondral lesion of the talus can be abbreviated as OLT. CONCLUSIONS: This international consensus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians with the appropriate terminology for osteochondral lesions of the ankle.

Improved Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction of In-Office Needle Arthroscopy for the Treatment of Posterior Ankle Impingement.

Purpose: To investigate the short-term clinical outcomes and satisfaction for the first set of patients at our institution receiving in-office needle arthroscopy (IONA) for the treatment of posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate patients who underwent IONA for PAIS between January 2019 and January 2021. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity scores. Patient satisfaction was measured at the final follow-up visit with a 5-point Likert scale. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare preoperative and postoperative outcome scores. Results: Ten patients (4 male and 6 female) with a mean age of 41.9 ± 15.5 years (range, 24-66 years) were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 13.3 ± 2.9 months (range, 11-17 months). All mean preoperative FAOS scores demonstrated improvement after IONA, including FAOS symptoms (71.48 ± 10.3 to 80.3 ± 12.6), pain (69.3 ± 11.0 to 78.2 ± 13.9), activities of daily living (61.7 ± 8.8 to 77.93 ± 11.4), sports activities (55.6 ± 12.7 to 76.0 ± 13.6), and quality of life (46.6 ± 9.2 to 71.1 ± 12.1). There were 7 patients who participated in sports activities before the IONA procedure. Within this group, all patients returned to play at a median time of 4.1 weeks (range, 1-14 weeks). The median time to return to work was 3.4 ± 5.3 days. Patients reported an overall positive IONA experience with a mean rating scale of 9.5 ± 1.5 (range, 5-10). Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that IONA treatment of PAIS results in significant pain reduction, a low complication rate, and excellent patient-reported outcomes. In addition, IONA for PAIS leads to high patient satisfaction with a significant willingness to undergo the same procedure again. Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic case series.

Posterior Hindfoot Needle Endoscopy in the Office Setting.

Posterior hindfoot disorders encompass a spectrum of bony, cartilaginous, and soft-tissue pathology. Traditional open surgical techniques have been increasingly replaced by less-invasive arthroscopic and endoscopic approaches. Recent innovations such as the advent of the needle arthroscope continue to push the boundary of minimally invasive interventions. This Technical Note highlights our technique for posterior hindfoot needle endoscopy for common posterior hindfoot pathologies in the wide-awake office setting, including indications, advantages, and technical pearls.

Achilles Paratenon Needle Tendoscopy in the Office Setting.

Achilles tendinopathy is a common inflammatory condition of the Achilles tendon prevalent in the athletic population in which patients present with pain, swelling, and reduced performance exacerbated by physical activity. Operative intervention using either open or percutaneous approaches has traditionally been performed after failure of nonoperative treatment, but less invasive modalities that include endoscopic approaches have been increasingly used. This Technical Note highlights our technique for Achilles paratenon needle tendoscopy in the wide-awake office setting, with accompanying indications for use, advantages, and technical pearls.

In-Office Needle Arthroscopy for Anterior Ankle Impingement.

Anterior ankle impingement is a common cause of chronic ankle pain characterized by altered joint mechanics with considerable deficits in range of motion. The benefits of in-office nano arthroscopy (IONA) include the ability to diagnosis and treat anterior ankle impingement, quicker patient recovery, reduced cost, and improved patient satisfaction. The purpose of this technical report is to describe the technique for performing in-office nano arthroscopy for anterior ankle impingement, with special consideration of the technique for obtaining adequate local anesthesia, proper indications, adequate visualization, and the advantages of performing these procedures in the office rather than the operating room.

In-Office Needle Tendoscopy of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon with Concomitant Intervention.

Tendoscopy has been recognized to be a useful technique in the diagnosis and treatment of early tibialis posterior tendon (TPT) dysfunction. Although open surgical procedures for advanced TPT disease have led to excellent outcomes, disagreement persists concerning the correct management algorithm for early TPT dysfunction. Recent developments in needle tendoscopy have provided a minimally invasive option for direct evaluation and intervention throughout the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. The goal of this manuscript is to describe the technique for performing in-office needle tendoscopy targeting the TPT with a discussion of indications and opportunities afforded by an in-office procedure over the traditional operating room suite.

In-Office Needle Tendoscopy of the Peroneal Tendons.

In-office needle tendoscopy (IONT) can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of several peroneal tendon pathologies including peroneal tendon tendinopathy, tears, and instability. Benefits of IONT for peroneal tendon disorders include the ability to dynamically evaluate peroneal tendon stability, quicker patient recovery, reduced cost, and improved patient satisfaction. Several studies have suggested that tendoscopic treatment may avoid several complications related to open treatment of peroneal tendon pathologies, including scar formation and groove stenosis. The purpose of the present report is to describe the technique for performing IONT for common peroneal tendon pathologies. This Technical Note describes the techniques for obtaining adequate anesthesia and performing IONT, indications, and advantages of performing these procedures in the office rather than in the operating room.

Needle Arthroscopy Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus in the Office Setting.

Hallux rigidus is a progressive degenerative process of the first metatarsophalangeal joint characterized by altered joint mechanics and formation of dorsal osteophytes. Cheilectomy is the preferred operative intervention at early stages. Technologic advances, patient preference, and cost considerations combine to stimulate the development of minimally invasive and in-office interventions. This Technical Note highlights our technique for needle arthroscopy cheilectomy for hallux rigidus, which can be used either in the operating room or in the wide-awake office setting.

Can bedside needle arthroscopy of the ankle be an accurate option for intra-articular delivery of injectable agents?

BACKGROUND: Bedside needle arthroscopy of the ankle under local anesthesia has been proposed for intra-articular delivery of injectable agents. Accuracy and tolerability of this approach in the clinical setting-including patients with end-stage ankle pathology and/or a history of prior surgery-is not known. AIM: To assess clinical accuracy and tolerability of bedside needle arthroscopy as a delivery system for injectable agents into the tibiotalar joint. METHODS: This was a prospective study that included adult patients who were scheduled for an injection with hyaluronic acid to the tibiotalar joint. In our center, these injections are used as a last resort prior to extensive surgery. The primary outcome was injection accuracy, which was defined as injecting through the arthroscopic cannula with intra-articular positioning confirmed by a clear arthroscopic view of the joint space. Secondary outcome measures included a patient-reported numeric rating scale (NRS, 0-10) of pain during the procedure and willingness of patients to return for the same procedure. NRS of ankle pain at rest and during walking was collected at baseline and at 2-wk follow-up. Complications were monitored from inclusion up to a 2-wk control visit. RESULTS: We performed 24 inspection-injections. Eleven (46%) participants were male, and mean age was 46.8 ± 14.5 years. Osteoarthritis was the indication for injection in 20 (83%) cases, of which 8 (33%) patients suffered from osteoarthritis Kellgren-Lawrence grade IV, and 10 (42%) patients from Kellgren-Lawrence grade III. An osteochondral defect was the indication for injection in 4 (17%) cases. A history of ankle surgery was present in 14 (58%) participants and a history of multiple ankle surgeries in 11 (46%) participants. It was possible to confirm accuracy in 21 (88%) procedures. The 3 (12%) participants where needle arthroscopy did not reach a clear view of the joint space all suffered from Kellgren-Lawrence grade IV osteoarthritis. Pain during the procedure was reported with a median of 1 [interquartile ranges (IQR): 0-2]. Willingness to return was 100%. Pain in rest decreased from a median NRS of 4 (IQR: 2-7) at baseline to a median of 3 (IQR: 1-5) at follow-up (P < 0.01). Pain during walking decreased from a median NRS of 8 (IQR: 6-9) to a median of 7 (IQR: 4-8) (P < 0.01). Infections or other complications were not encountered. CONCLUSION: Clinical accuracy and tolerability of bedside needle arthroscopy of the ankle as a delivery system for injectable agents are excellent. Accuracy was 100% in patients without total ventral joint obliteration.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Tibial Plafond and Ankle Instability With Ankle Cartilage Lesions: Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle.

BACKGROUND: An international consensus group of experts was convened to collaboratively advance toward consensus opinions based on the best available evidence on key topics within cartilage repair of the ankle. The purpose of this article is to present the consensus statements on osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTP) and on ankle instability with ankle cartilage lesions developed at the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. METHODS: Forty-three experts in cartilage repair of the ankle were convened and participated in a process based on the Delphi method of achieving consensus. Questions and statements were drafted within 4 working groups focusing on specific topics within cartilage repair of the ankle, after which a comprehensive literature review was performed and the available evidence for each statement was graded. Discussion and debate occurred in cases where statements were not agreed on in unanimous fashion within the working groups. A final vote was then held. RESULTS: A total of 11 statements on OLTP reached consensus. Four achieved unanimous support and 7 reached strong consensus (greater than 75% agreement). A total of 8 statements on ankle instability with ankle cartilage lesions reached consensus during the 2019 International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. One achieved unanimous support, and seven reached strong consensus (greater than 75% agreement). CONCLUSION: These consensus statements may assist clinicians in the management of these difficult clinical pathologies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, mechanism-based reasoning.

Outcomes of Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation With and Without Extracellular Matrix Cartilage Allograft Augmentation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus.

BACKGROUND: Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) using a cylindrical graft in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) is typically indicated for patients with larger lesions. However, with lesions that are irregular in shape, the AOT graft may not completely replace the lesion. For these lesions, we utilize extracellular matrix cartilage allograft (EMCA) augmentation in AOT to act as a physiologic grout at the host-graft interface. PURPOSE: To determine if the combination of EMCA with concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) would improve integration of the host-graft interface and subsequently reduce postoperative cyst formation after AOT. It was also hypothesized that EMCA in conjunction with CBMA would demonstrate improved MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) scores and functional outcome scores at a minimum 2 years after surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed comparing patients treated with AOT/CBMA alone and AOT with CBMA/EMCA. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score. Magnetic resonance imaging appearance was evaluated with the use of the MOCART (magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue) score. Cyst formation was also evaluated on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients were included in the AOT + CBMA/EMCA group (10 male, 16 female), and 34 patients were included in the AOT/CBMA group (17 male, 17 female). The mean Foot and Ankle Outcome Score significantly improved in both groups (P < .001) across all subscales (symptoms, pain, activities of daily living, sports activities, and quality of life), but there was no significant difference between groups at final follow-up. There was no significant difference in mean MOCART scores between the groups (P = .118). In the AOT/CBMA group, 3 patients (8.8%) complained of knee pain, and 1 (2.9%) required additional surgery (hardware removal). In the AOT + CBMA/EMCA group, 2 patients (7.7%) complained of knee pain, and 6 patients (23%) required additional surgery (3 hardware removals and 3 arthroscopic debridements of scar tissue in the ankle). CONCLUSION: We found that while EMCA with CBMA has benefit in regeneration and repair of OLT treated with bone marrow stimulation, there appears to be little benefit of EMCA over CBMA alone as a physiologic grout at the graft-host interface in OLT treated with AOT.

In-Office Needle Arthroscopy for the Treatment of Anterior Ankle Impingement Yields High Patient Satisfaction With High Rates of Return to Work and Sport.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of in-office needle arthroscopy (IONA) for the treatment of anterior ankle impingement in the office setting and also evaluate patient experience of the IONA procedure. METHODS: A prospectively collected database of 31 patients undergoing IONA for the treatment of anterior ankle impingement between January 2019 and January 2021 was retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria for this study were patients ≥18 years of age, clinical history, physical examination, radiographic imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging findings consistent with anterior ankle impingement for which each patient underwent IONA and had a minimum of 12-month follow-up. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the following methods preoperatively and at final follow-up: the Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference and Pain Intensity domains. A 5-point Likert scale regarding patient satisfaction with their IONA procedure was evaluated at final follow-up. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare preoperative and postoperative outcome scores. RESULTS: In total, 31 patients were included in this study, including 18 male and 13 female, with a mean age of 41.7 ± 15.5 years (range, 17-69 years) and mean body mass index of 27.3 ± 5.7 (range, 19.37-41.5). The mean follow-up time was 15.5 ± 4.9 months. The mean postoperative FAOS-reported symptoms, pain, daily activities, sports activities, and quality of life were 79.4 ± 11.9, 82.9 ± 15.3, 83.5 ± 15.4, 71.9 ± 18.5 and 64.3 ± 21.4 at final follow-up respectively. Minimal clinically important difference was achieved by 84% of patients for FAOS pain, 77% for FAOS symptoms, 75% for FAOS Quality of Life, 74% for FAOS sports, 65% for PROMIS Pain Interference, 61% for FAOS Activities of Daily Living, and 42% for PROMIS Pain Intensity. Lastly, 29 patients (94 %) expressed willingness to undergo the same procedure again. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrates that IONA treatment of anterior ankle impingement results in significant pain reduction, a low complication rate and excellent patient reported outcomes with high rates of return to work/sport. Additionally, IONA for anterior ankle impingement leads to high patient satisfaction with a significant willingness to undergo the same procedure again. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, Case series study.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Tibial Plafond: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data regarding osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTPs), in part because they are far less common than osteochondral lesions of the talus. PURPOSE: To evaluate the topographical characteristics of OLTPs and outcomes after surgical intervention, while analyzing the level of evidence (LOE) and quality of evidence (QOE) of the included studies. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was performed in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies reporting clinical data for OLTPs were included. The LOE and QOE of the included studies were evaluated using a 5-level grading system and the modified Coleman Methodology Score, respectively. RESULTS: Included were 20 studies with 426 OLTPs; 4 studies were LOE 2 and 16 studies were LOE 4. Overall, 86.7% of OLTPs were associated with a traumatic history and/or previous ankle sprain. OLTPs were most commonly located in the centromedial region of the tibial plafond (30.4%), with the fewest number of OLTPs found in the anteromedial region of the tibial plafond (3.9%). In 17 of the studies, a total of 46.9% of OLTPs were associated with coexisting osteochondral lesions of the talus. The most frequently used surgical technique to treat OLTPs was microfracture, which resulted in good clinical outcomes at midterm follow-up. CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review indicated that OLTPs are frequently preceded by ankle trauma and are often associated with coexisting osteochondral lesions of the talus. Clinical outcomes after arthroscopic intervention appear to produce good results in the midterm, but the low LOE, poor QOE, marked heterogeneity, and underreporting of the data confound any recommendation based on this systematic review.

Alignment of the hindfoot following total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: There appears to be a close relationship between deformities at the knee joint and at the hindfoot in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite this intrinsic link, there is a dearth of studies investigating alterations in hindfoot alignment following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with knee OA. AIM: To evaluate changes in alignment of the hindfoot following TKA, foot and ankle clinical outcomes in terms of subjective clinical scoring tools following surgical intervention, and to analyse the level of evidence (LOE) and quality of evidence (QOE) of the included studies. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically reviewed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies reporting changes in the postoperative alignment of the hindfoot following TKA were included. The level and QOE were recorded and assessed. RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 1142 patients (1358 knees) met the inclusion/ exclusion criteria. Six studies were of LOE II and 5 studies were of LOE III. Patients with preoperative varus knee deformity and valgus hindfoot deformity demonstrated improvement in hindfoot alignment post TKA. Patients with preoperative varus knee deformity and varus hindfoot deformity demonstrated no improvement in hindfoot alignment following TKA. Twelve different radiographic parameters were used to measure the alignment of the hindfoot across the included studies, with the tibio-calcaneal angle most frequently utilised (27.3%). CONCLUSION: This systematic review demonstrated that the hindfoot may display compensatory changes in alignment following TKA in patients with knee OA. However, the marked heterogeneity between the included studies and poor QOE limits any meaningful cross sectional comparisons between studies. Further, well designed studies are necessary to determine the changes and outcomes of hindfoot alignment following TKA.